A characteristic feature of a person who does not tolerate objections 9. Stuck or paranoid type of personality accentuation

Why do people do certain things? What guides them when they utter phrases that are not always clear or perform strange actions? Each person is individual, but everyone belongs to a certain psychotype.

Based on the most striking character traits inherent in seemingly different people, psychologists combine them into several groups called. There are many classifications of psychotypes, because each psychologist who studies them has his own criteria. Therefore, they are all rather arbitrary and subjective.

Psychotypes of people

For example, German psychiatrist Karl Leonhard identified the following psychotypes:

1. Hyperactive

Here he included energetic, proactive, talkative, optimistic people who cannot stand monotony and loneliness. These are people of action. On the one hand, they are a godsend for the employer and the soul of any company. But on the other hand, it is not easy to deal with such people, because they are authoritarian, they put their own opinion above all else, they do not recognize other people’s rules, which is why they often enter into conflicts with those who disagree with them or try to put them in a box.

2. Dysthymic

People of this type are the opposite of the previous one. They are laconic, withdrawn, slow and passive. Large and noisy companies are not for them. They are selective in choosing friends, so their social circle is quite small, but it includes people whom they trust and with whom they feel comfortable.

People of the dysthymic psychotype prefer to be led, but they do not blindly follow everyone who claims to be the role. They obey only those in whom they feel sympathy and trust.

Distimniks avoid conflicts and certainly do not initiate them. They can be entrusted with painstaking work that requires perseverance and attentiveness - work that people of a hyperactive psychotype do not tolerate.

3. Cycloid

As the name suggests, the behavior of these people is cyclical and depends on their... If it is bad, they are silent and withdrawn, like people of the dysthymic psychotype. If they are good, they are talkative and sociable, like a hyperactive person.

4. Excitable

You won’t envy someone who lives next door, works or is a relative of a person belonging to an excitable psychotype. At a time when he is calm, you can communicate with him, but this state of his is short-lived. He gets excited easily - and then be careful! He is irritated by other people's children, animals, views, practices. It seems to him that he is being ignored and not respected. And then he gives vent to irritation and anger, grumbles, enters into conflicts, so they try to avoid him if possible.

5. Stuck

Suspicious, touchy, vengeful, vain and incredible. Thanks to these qualities, people of this type are often the initiators of conflicts.

6. Pedantic

Bureaucrats are about people of this psychotype. They love order and precision in everything and sometimes simply harass others with their demands. Employers treat them favorably, but others shun them, considering them boring and annoying, preferring people who are brighter and more interesting.

7. Anxious

The name of this psychotype speaks for itself: these people are timid and lack initiative. In difficult situations, when making decisions, they need support and support. They are characterized by a minor, depressing mood. They are often sad, depressed, melancholic. Loss of spirit and despondency are a common state for them. In a team, they are often chosen as extreme ones - the so-called scapegoats.

8. Emotive

The name comes from the word emotional - emotional. People of this psychotype are impressionable, sensitive, kind-hearted, compassionate and responsive. The main place in their lives is occupied by feelings and experiences. They are efficient and very responsible.

9. Demonstrative

People of the demonstrative psychotype love to be the center of attention and consider themselves the standard of behavior. They are sociable, but at the same time they love intrigue and gossip. Of course! After all, by intriguing and pitting others against each other, they themselves fish in troubled waters: they achieve what they want. Namely - leadership and power. They imitate active activity more than they actually develop it.

10. Exalted

These are people with bright and sincere feelings and experiences. The simplest things and events evoke in them unbridled delight and a violent emotional reaction. They often overestimate both their own appearance, abilities and capabilities, and these same qualities in other people.

But their enthusiasm and liveliness are easily replaced by despair, melancholy and despondency if something does not go the way they would like. What other people perceive as a slight disappointment becomes a disaster for people of an exalted psychotype.

A sharply changing mood - from stormy delight to sudden depression - is the main sign of an exalted person. By the way, people of this type are often the owners of good taste, who make outstanding artists, designers, etc.

They are amorous, affectionate, compassionate and talkative. Due to imbalance, they tend to panic.

11. Extroverted

People belonging to the group are united by sociability and sociability. They have many friends and acquaintances, they are talkative, but they also know how to listen carefully. They avoid conflicts or play a passive role in them. They are efficient, but somewhat frivolous and easily fall under the influence of others.

12. Introverted

They are closed, reserved, they are prone to philosophizing and loneliness. They are principled and stubborn, they insist on their own even when they know that they are wrong. They are credited with emotional coldness and lack of attachment to anyone.

Having become familiar with each psychotype, you can identify your own and correct some of your character traits that interfere with your work and personal life. It is worth noting that there is hardly any “pure” psychotype. Each person usually recognizes himself in two, three, or even more psychotypes.

Psychogeometry

Another interesting division of people into psychotypes was proposed by the American psychologist Susan Dellinger. Psychogeometry is the name of its theory. What does geometry have to do with it? According to Susan Dellinger's theory, each person is associated with a certain geometric figure. Of course, here, too, there is no “pure” psychotype, but a mixed one, in which one main type predominates. So these are circles, triangles, squares, rectangles and zigzags.

People-circles

These are the people who are called the life of the party: they are cheerful, sociable and... Not a single event, be it a corporate party, someone’s birthday or an ordinary get-together, takes place without their active participation.

They are good psychologists, they are trusted, people come to them to “cry”, get support and good advice. They don’t have enough “live” communication, so they are regulars on social networks, where they have many friends with whom they maintain active correspondence.

Circle people adore wildlife: they have pets, which become almost full-fledged members of the family, and plant flowers. And thanks to these hobbies, they find like-minded people and further expand their circle of acquaintances.

The disadvantages of circle people include a dislike of order and some dependence on the opinions of others, as a result of which they often fall under outside influence.

Triangle people

It is Triangle people who most often occupy leadership positions in business, politics and other areas of life, because they are quick and not afraid to take responsibility. They grasp new information on the fly, know how to operate on it, and are able to simultaneously perform or control the execution of several tasks. It is impossible not to obey their orders: they give them quickly, clearly and competently.

It is not surprising that triangle people prefer expensive things that emphasize the status of their owner, be it clothes, a car, a smartphone, alcohol, etc.

These people do not tolerate objections; they are somewhat despotic and vain.

Square People

These are neat people and pedants. They do not allow themselves to be sloppy in anything: their things do not scream about status, they may be unfashionable and inexpensive, but they are always in perfect order. The same can be said about their workplace: here everything is always in its place. When buying a car or other necessary things, square people primarily consider practicality.

They make good administrators, accountants, business executives, and officials. Numbers, documents, orders, instructions - what bores others, their element, where they feel like a fish in water. They are efficient, reliable, calm and not prone to open expression of emotions.

Rectangle people

These are people with unstable psyches. When everything turns out the way they would like, they are filled with joy and love: “Life is good!” But then the white stripe gives way to black, and their mood changes dramatically. They do not know how to cope with troubles and failures. They give up, and from cheerful optimists they instantly turn into gloomy pessimists and whiners. Theirs changes just as quickly: it either quickly takes off, or falls just as quickly. Their mood can be judged by the state of their desktop: it is either in perfect order or in blatant chaos.

They are somewhat childish, immature and do not have strong convictions of their own. Their opinion fluctuates like a weather vane in the wind, depending on. They tend to copy not only other people's opinions, but also behavior, habits, and preferences. For example, when buying a car, they are not guided by their own interests, but pay attention to what brand other people choose. In the same way, they copy someone else’s style in clothing and manners, because they are unable to define their own.

According to Susan Dellinger, all psychogeometric types under stress become like rectangular people.

Zigzag people

Inventive, emotional, fiery - this is how people of this psychotype can be characterized. Their behavior is unusual and impossible to predict. They are unusual in everything: in the way they speak, dress, and decorate their home. Zigzag people, as a rule, choose creative professions. They like to be different from everyone else and attract everyone's attention. These people, for the most part, are flighty and fickle.

A little humor

You can determine your psychotype by reading the description of each of them. But Susan Dellinger also suggests two funny tests.

According to first You need to select and draw three from the five above-mentioned geometric shapes. The first one, which a person will portray, will determine his main psychotype. The next two figures he drew will show additional character traits, because, as you know, people are not “pure” psychotypes, but mixed ones, with a predominance of one.

In second The test asks you to answer 5 questions and, depending on the answer, determine your psychogeometric type. So, we get on the bus and:

1. We quickly take empty seats for ourselves and our companion, after which we continue the cheerful conversation, involving others in it;
2. we choose a better place, then go deep into our thoughts and stubbornly do not notice anyone until we reach our stop;
3. We are looking for free space. If we find one, we sit down; if there is none, we calmly ride while standing;
4. we feel uncomfortable because we would prefer a taxi;
5. we stop near the driver without wanting to go into the middle of the bus. We willingly enter into conversation both with him and with the other passengers.

In the first case, a circle man got on the bus, in the second - a triangle, in the third - a square, in the fourth - a rectangle and in the fifth - a zigzag.

A global study was conducted. 15 famous people were studied in detail. 2 knowledgeable people were biasedly questioned. 10 man days well spent. 3 dictaphone cassettes and 2 ballpoint pens are filled with writing. The results are analyzed, strictly structured and presented in the form of a journal article. The exclusivity of the collected material is guaranteed.

FACE CONTROL ON A SCIENTIFIC BASIS

The selection was random, however, none of these famous people have a snub nose or big eyes. That is, no one is capricious and extremely emotional. Almost everyone has a wide forehead, which speaks of pride and desire for honor. Many people have somewhat bristly eyebrows, which indicates obstinacy, stubbornness, uncompromisingness, and an imbalance of mind and character. At the same time, thick and bristly eyebrows can only belong to a cruel person. The upper part of the face of Zhirinovsky and Bush is very similar - a wide forehead, eyebrows hanging over the eyes, deep, close-set, slanted eyes. All this does not speak at all about positive qualities - about cunning, greed, and at the same time - about stubbornness and greed. Thus, it is possible to create a generalized type of modern politician. This is a proud, disruptive and unyielding person, an egoist to the core with a pathological desire for power, characterized by cruelty and greed. He looks to be about 45-50 years old, with small eyes, a wide nose, thin lips and a strongly protruding chin. Dressed in a gray shapeless jacket and a tie of the same color.

Maria PODOLSKAYA, Kirill ZHURENKOV

Being able to defend your interests in the modern world is not always easy, especially if you come across a person who can easily suppress the will of others. Sometimes this becomes an insurmountable obstacle to success. How to emerge victorious from an unequal battle with an enemy that seems harmless at first glance? Let's try to understand this issue.

We often find ourselves committing actions that are completely different from our intentions and desires, and then we ourselves are perplexed as to how this could happen. This can concern both a trip to the store, a bank, a beauty salon, and more serious issues, for example, career, personal life, health, choice of profession, etc. The main reason for this phenomenon is a meeting with a manipulator, the inability to recognize him and resist him.

In the literal sense, the word “manipulation” denotes various types of actions performed by hands: operating levers, performing medical procedures, voluntarily handling objects, etc., often requiring skill and dexterity in their execution. But there is another, figurative meaning: “trick, fraud.” Manipulation can be called not only the hidden, but also the obvious influence of one person on another, that is, treating a person not as a subject, but as an object. A manipulator is a person who knows how to suppress the will of another person. A distinctive feature of manipulation is that the goal (or goals) of the influence are almost always hidden. Therefore, the “victim” turns out to be very defenseless, and, in some cases, completely subservient to the manipulator.

We do not always realize that we have become a victim of manipulation, which forces us to act in accordance with the goals of another person. With a successful combination of circumstances, the manipulator, hiding his true intentions, uses distracting maneuvers and sophisticated techniques to ensure that the partner, without noticing it, changes his original intentions and accepts other people’s goals and ideas as his own. During the manipulation process, the victim develops a deceptive sense of mutual understanding.

The “ideological inspirer” of manipulators is considered to be Dale Carnegie, whose books became quite famous in our country by the mid-80s. His simple recommendations have become a life credo for a whole generation of Americans who have a weakness for ready-made recipes for success, and not only that.

According to many, it is Dale Carnegie who is credited with popularizing the techniques of manipulating people. Some, in criticizing the positions of D. Carnegie, go further and call his teaching “the psychology of a slave,” unacceptable for the modern civilized world, and the author himself “an idol of losers.” Numerous publications responded to his influence, among which the interesting book by Everett Shostrom “Anti-Carnegie, or the Manipulator” stands out. However, in defense of D. Carnegie, it should be noted that he taught people to speak and act sincerely, and it is not his fault that some of his followers used his largely useful experience for evil. And to be fair, it must be said that if you look into history, manipulation technologies have been known to mankind since ancient times and were most clearly formulated by the medieval Italian diplomat, writer and historian N. Machiavelli.

Successful manipulation of people is always built on the skillful concealment of one’s true goals and motives of behavior. At the same time, the manipulator is required to have at least a minimal understanding of the partner’s psychology. The manipulator's intentions are always veiled, usually hiding behind a mask of friendship and sympathy, sometimes aggression or helplessness. Another unpleasant point: the effort spent on hidden influence is usually ridiculously small compared to the result of the manipulation. It is the saving of effort and time that drives a person who manipulates others.

Almost all of us work in a team, under someone’s leadership. This is where the field of activity is for the manipulator! There is no person who has not encountered the phenomenon of someone else's influence. Anyone can be a manipulator - a business partner, a boss, a family member, even ourselves. From a psychological point of view, one should distinguish between manipulation that is conscious and unconscious by the manipulator himself.

Conscious manipulation can be completely harmless, based on the desire to help a neighbor and performed with the best intentions. An example of such manipulation is the behavior of a mother who uses cunning and sophisticated manipulation techniques to convince her daughter to wear warmer clothes in cool weather, against her wishes. Or how to persuade a naughty baby to eat porridge? You just need to put the child in a situation of a false choice: “What kind of porridge will you want: semolina or buckwheat?”, and the job is done!

But cases of useful manipulation are the exception rather than the rule. Much more often the influence is aimed solely at obtaining one’s own benefit. A classic example of “selfish manipulation” can be considered the act of Tom Sawyer, who, not wanting to paint the fence, “convinced” his friends to do it instead of him.

It should be noted that regardless of the virtuous or selfish motive, manipulators are clearly aware of the undesirability of their behavior, and some of them (the most conscientious) may feel guilty for the ways in which they act. And sooner or later, if the victim does not realize it, then he begins to feel that he was used. And true mutual understanding, which is the goal of effective communication, is out of the question in the case of manipulation.

Unconscious manipulation manifests itself in a variety of situations. The most common case is lying. Psychologically, it is different from lying and deception. Lying is an external manifestation of a person’s defense mechanisms, which are aimed at eliminating feelings of anxiety due to dissatisfaction with one’s relationships with others. A person’s desire to protect his inner world from gross intrusion, reluctance to bare his soul to others, fear of ridicule or manifestations of a condescending attitude are quite serious reasons for lying. This type of manipulation can be seen as a person's defensive behavior.

It is not surprising, therefore, that in modern psychology the concept of “manipulation” is often used in psychotherapeutic practice. Some patients do not realize that their style of communication with other people is mainly structured as manipulation rather than dialogue. As a result, they themselves suffer from the inability to build open relationships with others. This situation is fraught with serious problems.

Manipulation as a way to survive in the world is not a successful communication strategy and leads to complete failure of the individual. In this case, the manipulator himself becomes a victim of his actions. In this case, society’s moral disapproval of this type of behavior fades into the background. It is much worse for others when the manipulator does not act in self-defense, and it is not he himself who suffers, but another person. Therefore, of course, the greatest interest is the consideration of conscious, selfish manipulations, the result of which is hidden. And here those around you need to take all possible precautions so as not to become their victims and not turn out to be a pawn in someone else’s game. Therefore, one of the main tasks of effective behavior and communication is to recognize and stop manipulative influence, to manage the situation, which, in general, is not so simple. Manipulation is multifaceted and sophisticated in its methods of execution.

Types of manipulations

The type of manipulation depends on the personality type. Someone, for example, manipulates, appearing powerless, while others choose an aggressive style. Here are some typical types of behavior of manipulators:

Tyrant- a person who does not tolerate objections. If you follow his instructions, he will surround you with care or help you advance your career, but God forbid you do anything that does not coincide with his intentions. Hold on - from your best friend, favorite subordinate, lover, family member, you will turn into enemy number one. True, people of this type are easy-going, with rare exceptions. Once you “come to your senses,” that is, once again submit to the will of such a person, you will regain his favor and support. However, not everyone is happy with such care. Usually an authoritarian boss or father, his “I said” has the weight of an asphalt roller or an industrial press. This behavioral type is based on authority and tradition.

Klutz- I would love to help my neighbor, but he doesn’t have enough time, luck or strength. Exaggerates his shortcomings and weaknesses, presents himself as a person whose abilities are below average, to justify his behavior. He sincerely believes that his lot is harder than others. This type is close to hypochondria and exaggeration of difficulties. Unpleasant moments for oneself are “not heard”, “not noticed”. He likes to blame his problems on others and does not take any responsibility for his actions or inactions. However, when it comes to his interests, he is very agile and shows rare intelligence.

Aggressor- will simply silence your surroundings. Manipulates with rudeness and unceremoniousness. I am convinced that his opinion is the ultimate truth. Does not accept any arguments. He will defend his opinion with foam at the mouth, no matter how absurd it may be. People yield to him, first of all, because they are unpleasant to face his rudeness.

Smart guy- quickly, easily and successfully calculates what is more profitable for him in a given situation. He knows how to get his way using the tactics of a tyrant, a klutz or an aggressor - depending on the circumstances. Cunning and dexterous. He sees everything in the light of what is useful for his purpose. Perhaps one of the most unpleasant types of manipulators.

A man without flaws- considers himself impeccable. The main technique of manipulation is vigilant control and criticism. I am always ready to notice a speck in my neighbor's eye. It causes others to have a persistent feeling of guilt and inferiority, which is not very pleasant. Fully consistent with the famous saying “the worst are the best people.” In words, he does not want anything for himself, he cares only about the welfare of others. Never takes other people's opinions into account.