Number of abandoned children by country. Comparative analysis of identification and placement of children left without parental care

How many orphans and disabled children are there in Russia? What forms of adoption are there? What reforms should there be in the prevention of orphanhood? What are the stereotypes of how an orphan is perceived? What to do to adopt a child? Figures and facts.

Walter Langley, The Orphan (1889).

There are about 650 thousand orphans and children left without parental care in Russia. At the same time, as of September 2013, there were about 100 thousand children in Russian orphanages (the majority of orphans - more than 500 thousand - are being raised in families).

In Russia, there is a decreasing trend in the number of children left without parental care identified in one year. During 2012, 74 thousand 724 such children were identified (in 2011 - more than 82 thousand).

At the same time, there is a steady trend towards a reduction in the number of children placed in families for upbringing. In 2012, 58.8 thousand children were transferred to family placements (in 2011 - 67.5 thousand, in 2009 - 86.6 thousand). On the one hand, this is due to a reduction in the number of children identified annually as being left without parental care, as well as a reduction in the number of pupils in organizations for orphans and children left without parental care. On the other hand, this may be explained by the fact that there are many disabled children, teenagers or children with a strong attachment to their birth family left in orphanages. It is difficult to place these categories of children in families (for comparison: in Ukraine the number of children transferred to family forms of education is growing every year).

Today in Russia, about 85% of orphans are social orphans, that is, children with living parents (5 years ago this figure was less than 75%). In Russia, a system of working with a child’s birth family and preventing social orphanhood has not yet been built. Recently, in Moscow and large cities, the first steps have been taken in in this direction(for example, the Moscow Department of Social Protection in 2013 developed and adopted the Concept of a model for the prevention of social orphanhood, which, however, has not yet begun to work). Until now, guardianship and trusteeship authorities operate within the framework of a binary paradigm: leave or take a child from the birth family. A system of social services and family support in difficult times has not been developed. life situation. There is still a shortage of NGOs that are capable of taking on the functions of helping a specific family.

Among the orphans in orphanages there are 17.5 thousand disabled people. In total there are 576 thousand disabled children in Russia. In most cases, these children are disabled mental disorders. Although in 2013 the allowance for a disabled child was increased, and the amount lump sum payment For those parents who adopt disabled children, state support does not cover even one tenth of the needs of such families.

In Russia, the secondary education system does not meet the needs of disabled children; there is a lack of qualified rehabilitation and medical care, such children are deprived of further social and educational prospects. Disabled people with mild mental or mental impairments cannot get a job (while in developed countries, for example, people with Down syndrome are required to be admitted to simple work). Many potential adoptive parents are stopped by the fact that after the death of the adoptive parents (in most cases, the adoptive parents are people of middle age and older than middle age), the disabled person is doomed to social death - placement in a psychoneurological boarding school, where he will be isolated from society for the rest of his life and will probably lose everything he has acquired. social skills. A way out of the situation could be the organization of training apartments, private houses for people with disabilities to live together under supervision healthy people etc.

In connection with the so-called Dima Yakovlev law (a ban on the adoption of Russian children in the United States), the topic of orphans and their adoption in Russia received wide publicity and attention.

By 2018, the Russian government has set a goal to halve the number of orphanages. Over the past four years, the number of state orphanages has decreased from 1,770 to 1,344 (data as of May 2013). In Moscow in 2013, state orphanages were focused on placing children in families: each orphanage received the appropriate order, the fulfillment of which determines the salary and further employment of the directors of the institutions. Over the course of several years, two types of orphanages are planned to remain in Moscow: small-scale (less than 30 people) and orphanages family type. In accordance with the presidential decree of December 28, 2012, an item on the share of children left without parental care was added to the list of indicators for assessing the effectiveness of the activities of executive authorities of the country's constituent entities.

In 2012, Russia adopted the “School of Adoptive Parents” program, within the framework of which targeted work began with those families who intend to adopt a child. Currently, there are about 50 such schools in Moscow, and they are also open in other regions.

In 2013, a reform of the system of orphanages began in Moscow, where an infant left without parental care is forced to stay for up to 5 years. During this time, the child loses significant development due to lack of attention, communication and, in fact, through the efforts of the state system, is forcibly protected from all needs except vital ones. In Moscow, 7 orphanages have been closed; starting from 2014, it is planned to transfer the remaining 10 institutions to the jurisdiction of the social protection department (previously they were under the jurisdiction of the health department) and establish a process for the prompt transfer of children to families there. Unlike Moscow, the problem of orphanages is still relevant for other Russian regions.

In order to avoid a situation where a child remains in a medical institution for a long time without attention and supervision, it is necessary to consider a mechanism for the prompt transfer of newborn children to professional foster families. While the issue of the rights of the birth parents is being resolved, the child must live in a professional foster family, which, if necessary (returning their rights to the birth parents), will be obliged to return the child to the birth family.

Photo from the site http://fishki.net/anti

The procedure for placing a child in a family

In Russia, there are 5 forms of family placement for orphans and children left without parental care:
— adoption;
— guardianship (trusteeship);
- creating a foster family;
- temporary placement of children with families;
- creation of a foster family.

Adoption assumes that all rights and obligations adopted child are equal to the rights and responsibilities of their own children. In most cases, this form is used when we're talking about about babies.

Guardianship- a form of placement of minor citizens under 14 years of age (from 14 to 18 years of age - guardianship), in which the corresponding duties are performed, as a rule, free of charge. Most often, guardianship of the ward is established by his relatives.

Adoptive family- guardianship or trusteeship of a child or children, which is carried out under a foster family agreement concluded between the guardianship and trusteeship authority and the foster parents or foster parent, for the period specified in this agreement. The guardianship authorities undertake to check and help the adoptive family. Adoptive parents receive a monthly remuneration and funds to support the child.

Temporary placement of children with families– transfer of children to families during holidays, weekends or non-working periods holidays and in other cases for a period of no more than 1 month. As a rule, it is used in emergency cases while relatives are collecting documents for guardianship or foster care.

Patron form of the device- is currently almost not used. The difference between foster care and guardianship and adoption is, first of all, that this form allows for the selection of families, professional training and support of the family after the adoption of the child.

Basic requirements for adoptive parents:

- adulthood;
— no cases of restriction of parental rights, removal from duties of a guardian, foster parent, or adoptive parent;
— legal capacity;
— no criminal record;
— absence of medical contraindications;
- permanent place of residence, meeting sanitary standards;
- income that provides the child with a standard of living not lower than the subsistence level;
- undergoing preparation for adoption.

Steps to Adoption:

— Obtaining the status of a candidate for adoptive parents
— consultation with guardianship and trusteeship authorities;
— training at school for foster parents;
- collection necessary documents;
— obtaining a conclusion on the possibility of being an adoptive parent;
— registration with the guardianship authorities.

— Selection and introduction to the child
— acquaintance with the general database of children left without parental care;
— receiving referrals for acquaintance and getting to know the child;
- making a decision on adoption.

— Judgment
— obtaining a conclusion from the guardianship authorities on the advisability of adoption;
— court decision;
- preparation of documents.

Problems of placing children in a family

Despite a number of positive changes, the country still does not have a system of assessment and qualified control over foster families. Schools of foster parents are limited in their powers and in fact cannot issue negative conclusions about the possibility of placing a child in a family, and guardianship and trusteeship authorities are very often not competent enough to adequately resolve this issue. In addition, a system for training specialists in the school of foster parents has not been developed.

As before, many orphanages, especially homes for disabled children, are semi-closed institutions where access for volunteers and public organizations is difficult (the exception is Moscow, where government institutions are required to admit volunteers). Many state-run orphanages still house more than 100-200 children, undermining the idea of ​​individual care and attention for each child.

In the process of adoption The interests of the potential adoptive parent, rather than the child, are put at the forefront. The official website, where the federal database on children left without parental care is published, literally involves selecting a child by eye color, hair color, etc. The system is built on the principle of a store and is based on an attempt to persuade potential parents to take a child, whereas in world practice it is not the parent who is matched with the child, but rather the opposite – the parent is matched to the child. In order to change this approach, it is necessary to rebuild the system and create a database of adoptive parents. A parent must be selected for a specific child depending on the child’s individual qualities and characteristics.

Not many people in Russia decide to take orphans into their families. This is often associated with stereotypes: a negative attitude towards the fact of adopting a child, the desire of parents for the mandatory success of their (adopted) child. For various reasons, having an adopted child in Russia is considered shameful. Foster parents in most cases wish to adopt blue-eyed, beautiful babies whom they hope to raise as their own children. Many are not prepared for the real situation (most children are teenagers over 10 years old with their own sad childhood history or are disabled).

In Russia, the number of children of labor migrants, mostly of non-Slavic origin, is growing every year. Due to problems with documents, parents of such children do not apply to government agencies, and there is an obvious shortage non-governmental institutions assistance to migrant children.

Statistical information taken from open sources (website usinovite.ru, RIA Novosti, statements by P.A. Astakhov, O.Yu. Golodets, etc.)

I ask everyone to read this article - regardless of your attitude towards Vladimir Putin and the opposition, regardless of your attitude towards the Dima Yakovlev Law. And please read to the end. Because this article gives only facts - without emotions.

There is another reason for my request. After the large-scale event, amazing information began to appear on the Internet. Supporters of Putin and the Dima Yakovlev Law report an exorbitant number of orphans in the United States (they cite the figure as 600 thousand and at the same time sarcastically ask: why, in this case, do not Americans adopt their children?). Also, information has surfaced from somewhere that only 5% of adopted orphans are alive - and the rest are used for organs... In short, Putin’s supporters are trying to convince people that Americans are allowing Russian orphans for organs, eating children and doing other bad things. ..

Let's look at the situation.

Number of orphans in the US

First of all, it should be noted that any talk about the exact number of orphans in the United States is pure fantasy. For no one has such data - and it can’t be. For one simple reason: currently in the USA (as, by the way, in other developed countries), there are no orphanages . There are temporary shelters for children until the child is placed in a foster family, I don’t argue. But there are no orphanages at all. And here's why.

Of course, in the United States (as in any country) there are many children left without parental care. But the fact is that modern American system assistance to children left without parental care is structured not like in Russia, but fundamentally differently.

200 years ago in the 19th century, the first orphanages were created in New York, Philadelphia and Boston. But nowadays they simply don’t exist anymore. The basis of American assistance to orphans is foster families (from the English term to foster - to raise children).

What is a foster family? ? A foster family is a form of temporary placement into a family of children who find themselves in a difficult life situation, with the purpose of rehabilitation, changing the situation in the blood family, and, if impossible, transferring them for adoption. The purpose of this form is to implement the priority right of the child to live and be raised in a family, proclaimed in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child Foster family - alternative form placement, used in cases where, due to objective reasons, it is impossible to use such priority forms of placement of children as adoption or guardianship. A child is transferred to a foster family on the basis of a civil law contract; in some countries, an additional agreement is also concluded. employment contract between the foster care provider and the child placement service(source - monograph by Manzhula E.V. “Civil regulation of the activities of family educational groups”, Publishing House “Academy of Natural Sciences”, 2010, ISBN 978-5-91327-092-4).

If a child finds himself in a difficult life situation (parents have died or are in prison, etc.), then by court decision he can be transferred to a foster family. It happens like this: first, the child is placed in a special institution awaiting transfer to foster families, where he stays for several days. During this time, a foster family is selected for him. When handing over a child who finds himself in a difficult life situation without adult care, it is initially assumed that he will not stay in the foster family for long: no more than a few months. During this time, the guardianship authorities are looking for a permanent home for the child and are looking for relatives who are ready to take him in for upbringing.

But in practice everything turns out to be more complicated. As a rule, it is not possible to resolve the situation quickly. And most children stay in foster families for a long time. After some time, the child may end up in another foster family, then in a third, etc. Some children grow up in foster families without finding their own home.

Many children in the United States are adopted. Most often, it is the foster parents themselves. But the fact is that this is often impossible. And here's why.

According to American laws, biological American parents have enormous rights to the child, and therefore can, after some time, return the child to themselves through the courts. Therefore, it is not so easy to hand over such American children for adoption - especially if the child’s parents are not deprived of parental rights and the child is placed in a foster family for a while (for example, if the parents are in prison). According to American statistics, only 20% of children living in foster families can theoretically be adopted.

According to Wikipedia, at the end of 2010 there were 408 thousand children in foster care families in the United States. 48% of them (194 thousand children) lived with non-relative foster parents, 26% (103 thousand) - in foster families of relatives, 6% (25 thousand) - in group homes, 9% (37 thousand) - in waiting institutions transfers to foster families. 50-60% of children from the foster care system return to their parents. About 100 thousand children from the foster care system are awaiting adoption.

In addition, it should be noted that the process of adopting American children in the United States is very complex. This is why the vast majority of Americans choose to adopt abroad!

Comparative statistics for the USA and Russia

As already mentioned, at the beginning of 2011, 408 thousand children were registered in foster families in the United States. As for Russian Federation, then, according to official statistics, the total number of children left without parental care, registered at the end of 2011, amounted to 654,355 children.

Let's make a comparison table:

Conclusions

From all of the above it follows:

1. It is simply impossible to compare head-on the system of assistance to children without parental care in the United States and Russia: they are fundamentally different.
2. The relative number of children left without care in Russia is three times higher.
3. Americans adopt children abroad because it is very difficult, and often almost impossible, to adopt an American child in the United States.

PS. Appeal to Putin's supporters

Gentlemen, I assure you that there is not the slightest gloating in my words and conclusions. I'm just simply stating the facts. And one fact - you are being deceived. You have become a victim of deception.

From a purely human perspective, I understand you perfectly: it’s unpleasant for you that Putin and his entourage - that is, the people you trusted and sympathized with - turned out to be deceivers. Believe me, I know from myself: this is extremely unpleasant (and that’s putting it mildly)! But it's better to know the truth.

And when you know the truth, you can draw conclusions.

The number of orphans in Russia has more than tripled over 10 years: from 187 thousand to 51.8 thousand. Experts note that there are practically no healthy children left in orphanages. However, over the past three years, there have been fewer disabled people in orphanages, including those with such serious diagnoses as cerebral palsy and Down syndrome.

According to information from the federal data bank on orphans and children left without parental care, there are now 51.8 thousand children in Russia who are not placed in a family. This is 4.2% less than in October 2016. In just the last ten years, the number of orphans has decreased by more than three times (from 187 thousand people in 2006). The head of the Usynovite.ru portal told Izvestia about this (online version state bank data about children) Armen Popov.

He clarified that in seven months of this year, 29.9 thousand orphans and children left without parental care were identified, and 42.6 thousand were placed in families. That is, one and a half times more children were found in families than hers. lost.

The trend toward a reduction in the number of children in orphanages began five years ago. For example, from 2013 to 2014, the database of children became smaller by 12.4 thousand people.

According to Armen Popov, this result was achieved thanks to targeted government policy and a change in society’s attitude towards foster families. He noted that there are more and more families who are ready to take in a child even with such a diagnosis as cerebral palsy (CP). For example, the Moscow Knyagin family is raising seven adopted children, among whom is a child with cerebral palsy. This year she became one of the laureates of the Moscow city award “Wings of the Stork”, which was established by the capital’s Department of Labor and social protection population for their contribution to the development of the family structure of orphans.

Armen Popov said that in the Moscow data bank 55% of children are disabled, and 75% are teenagers 16–17 years old. But in recent years There is a persistent trend - disabled children are increasingly leaving orphanages and ending up in families. Thus, in the capital from 2013 to 2016, the number of children with disabilities placed in families increased from 58 to 211 people.

We notice that foster families are increasingly taking in children with Down syndrome. This was a question for me, but in the process of communicating with my parents, I understood why they do this. These are children who are especially “giving” emotionally, so to speak. If you do good to them, they pay them back in kind. It’s not for nothing that they are called “sunny” children,” explained Armen Popov.

According to the federal data bank on orphans, in 2016, 1,863 children with disabilities were adopted or taken into care. And according to Rosstat, the number of disabled children raised in orphanages began to decrease in 2013 (minus 11.6%). In the next two years, the decline rates were 20.6% and 13.5%. And in 2016 - 3.9%.

The first deputy chairman of the commission for the support of family, motherhood and childhood of the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation, Yulia Zimova, told Izvestia that most disabled children are adopted and taken into care by residents of large cities. The infrastructure here is better developed, and payments and benefits for foster families are higher. There are also many foster parents in the south of the country - among people living in private houses with their own plots of land.

According to the president of the Volunteers to Help Orphans Foundation, Elena Alshanskaya, there are fewer orphanage residents in Russia, as deprivation of parental rights occurs less and less often. According to Rosstat, from 2009 to 2016, the number of mothers and fathers whose children were taken from them decreased from 72 thousand to 41.3 thousand people.

Guardianship employees began to behave more carefully. But this is not enough, says Elena Alshanskaya. “Unfortunately, they do not have professional training, are based on a subjective decision and do not cooperate with organizations that could offer help to the family.

In addition, the number of abandoned babies in maternity hospitals is decreasing. The creation of regional services for the prevention of newborn abandonment plays a role here. According to statistics from Usynovite.ru, from 2013 to 2015, the number of children abandoned by their mothers at birth decreased from 5.8 thousand to 4.4 thousand.

The problem of orphanhood, including social orphanhood, is one of the most pressing in our country. Orphanages and shelters are filled to capacity. There is often no place for abandoned children in an orphanage; they are forced to wait in hospitals for their turn.

According to the Chairman of the State Duma Committee on Women, Children and Family Affairs Elena Mizulina, there are 4-5 times more orphans in Russia than in European countries and the USA. According to statistics, the number of abandoned children in Russia currently exceeds the post-war period. But there are not many people who want to take children into the family.

Pervouralsk journalist and historian Anatoly Gusev cited interesting statistics in his blog. In the hungry year of 1942, when just over 57 thousand people lived in Pervouralsk, Pervouralsk residents adopted 21 children. In 2011, the city already had about 150 thousand inhabitants, there were almost no barracks, many families had dachas and cars, and only 20 children were adopted! But out of this twenty, Russian citizens adopted only 12. “The Soviet people are gone. The Russians are left!” concludes Anatoly Gusev.

Government officials are calling on Russian citizens to be more active in adopting children, for which they propose to encourage them by creating conditions in the country under which citizens of the Russian Federation will adopt children more often than foreigners. In one of his speeches, Vladimir Putin commented on the situation: “I mean, first of all, providing housing, creating conditions for reducing those who adopt from abroad, and in some near future reducing this to zero, encouraging Adoption of children into Russian families."

Everything seemed to be fine, the state was supporting the family who took the child into their home. This support is quite significant: payment of up to 300 thousand rubles upon adoption of a child, issuance of housing certificates, salaries to parents in the amount of up to 17 thousand rubles per month for each adopted child, as well as a number of other benefits. In the end, everyone should benefit, including the child and the society into which this child will enter upon reaching adulthood.

But the special cynicism inherent in our time is manifested in the fact that many citizens decide to take advantage of this opportunity to improve their material well-being! Moreover, foster families have become especially popular in rural areas, where wages are much lower than in urban areas, and homestead farming requires extra hands, because existing rules allow up to eight children to be taken into one foster family! Can you imagine how many times the income of adoptive parents increases, who most often do not have basic pedagogical training?

And how does such a large so-called “family” differ from orphanage? Surely neither sincere relationships, nor manifestations of mutual tenderness, nor sincere conversations. Perhaps children in orphanages lack all this, but the latter are staffed not only by professional teachers who are well acquainted with the specifics of working with orphans, but also by psychologists, methodologists, medical staff, etc.

Unprofessional adoptive parents, interested primarily in material incentives, find themselves unable to cope with raising children (especially when they experience adolescence) and return them back to orphanages. The tragedy of “twice rejected” children is scary to even imagine. And there are currently (think about it) 30 thousand of them across the country! Secondary orphanhood deeply traumatizes children and entails their moral and mental degradation. Being abandoned for the second time in their lives, children lose their remaining trust in adults and become disillusioned with the institution of family; their problems with attachment to loved ones deepen.

Why is family and, above all, mother so important for a child? She personifies love, tenderness, and security for a child. It is in the relationship with the mother that the child learns to care, love, and express his feelings. Therefore, children raised in orphanages cannot establish deep, trust relationship, are often unable to start a family and raise their children. Even with siblings, the child remains lonely - after all, in orphanages they are separated by different groups in accordance with age, which does not contribute to the establishment of close relationships.

How can a graduate of an orphanage, accustomed to the fact that someone else makes all decisions for him and he is provided with everything, adapt to life in our capitalist society, where man is by no means a friend to man? But the good news is that there are still people who are ready to provide their shelter and their love to no one the right child, although they themselves are by no means rich.

If there were more such selfless people, then the problem of overcrowding in orphanages would begin to be solved, and society would grow with full-fledged new members, ready to develop and improve this society.

As previously reported (see), a report on the audit of the activities of federal and regional executive authorities of the Russian Federation in implementing the “Orphans” program was published. We present the most important, in our opinion, information from this document.
The number of children left without parental care is growing: if in 1994 there were 496.3 thousand of them, then as of January 1, 2003 - 867.8 thousand. However, only 10% of them became orphans due to the death or disability of their parents, the rest are social orphans.
The main reason for this is the difficult situation in families. The number of parents leading an antisocial lifestyle increases every year. In 2003 alone, 32.6 thousand parents were deprived of parental rights, more than 168.8 thousand parents were brought to administrative responsibility, and 9 thousand criminal cases were opened against parents.
Every year, more than 120 thousand children are identified as vagrants, involved in the use of alcoholic beverages and drugs, and become participants in crimes. In 2003, 145.5 thousand minors were brought to criminal responsibility, of which 50.9% studied at school or colleges. There are 362.4 thousand teenagers registered with the internal affairs bodies, of which 6.3 thousand cannot read and write.
Guardianship is not always established in a timely manner for children without parental care. According to the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, in 2003, 5.2 thousand children deprived of parental care and registered with the police did not have guardians, and therefore they were forced to live in extremely unfavorable conditions.
The situation is aggravated by the deplorable financial situation of many families. According to the State Statistics Committee of Russia, 17 million children, or 56%, are raised in families where the income per person is below the regional subsistence level.
About 18% of local government bodies do not have specialists in protecting children's rights, and in 32% of them the ratio of the number of these specialists to the number of children is not met. In the Amur region, for 9 thousand children of the Ivanovo district, only 1 specialist is provided, while the district includes 33 settlements located from the district center at a distance of 7 to 60 km, and in the Zeya district the distances range from 4 to 370 km. In the city of Kineshma, Ivanovo region, there are only 2 specialists for 19.1 thousand children, in the Republic of Mordovia there are 30 workers for 200.5 thousand children, with a standard of 40 people.
During the inspection, it was concluded that it was necessary to create a service consisting of lawyers, teachers, and psychologists authorized through the foster care system to place orphans in families. The ten-year experience of orphanage No. 19 in Moscow has shown the effectiveness of such work - it is possible to place the majority of orphans identified in the city in families, reduce the number of children in boarding schools and thereby save 35% of the funds allocated for their maintenance.
Every fifth child in Russia left without parental care lives in a boarding school. At the beginning of 2003, there were 2,740 schools and colleges for orphans in the country, many of which are overcrowded: they house more than 270 thousand children. Over the past year alone, the number of children in them has increased by 36 thousand.
In 2003, 340.1 million rubles were allocated for the construction and renovation of boarding schools, i.e. 88% of funds allocated from the budget for the Orphans program. However, last year, out of 15 facilities planned for commissioning, not a single one was ready. Despite this, for 2004, the program additionally included 7 objects with a funding volume of 30 million rubles, and the balance of the estimated cost as of 01/01/2004 was 64.3 million rubles. On average, regions financed the construction of new boarding schools by only 21%. At the same time, 28 regions did not allocate funds at all (Belgorod, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Kursk, Tver, Pskov, Volgograd, Kirov region and others).
Many orphans are not placed in orphanages within the period stipulated by law due to lack of places. Children live for a long time (sometimes 4-6 years) in shelters designed for temporary stays. Thus, out of 456 children in shelters in the Amur region, every second one lives there for more than six months, and 4 children live there for more than 5 years.
More than 40% of boarding schools require major repairs, 2.7% are in disrepair, 4.8% do not have central heating, 5.6% do not have sewerage.
Due to chronic underfunding, pupils of many boarding schools do not receive new clothes and shoes, toys, and literature on time. Less than 50% required cash was allocated to the Bezhetsk boarding school in the Tver region for the purchase of clothing, household goods and medicines. In the Kurtamysh Specialized Children's Home in the Kurgan Region, children are provided with demi-season coats only by 48%, and other clothing by 40%.
Insufficient funding makes it impossible to provide good nutrition. While the average Russian food standard per child per day was 65.5 rubles, in the Ivanovo region it was 53.2 rubles, and actual food costs in a number of areas were even lower. Thus, in the Ivanovo correctional orphanage, an average of 39.4 rubles is spent on feeding a child, in the Chernetsk correctional boarding school - 47.34 rubles, in the Shuisky orphanage - 25.14 rubles. In the Nadezhda orphanage in the Kemerovo region, the diet of the pupils did not contain cottage cheese, cheese, sour cream, the children received juice and apples only twice a year. At a correctional boarding school in the Veliky Ustyug district of the Vologda region, children were fed low-quality food.
According to the All-Russian Medical Examination, only 15.2% of children in orphanages are considered healthy, in orphanages - 22.5%, in orphanages - 13.8% of children. In 30 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the mortality rate of children in orphanages exceeds the national average. The number of disabled children living in boarding schools is increasing, but their rehabilitation is usually limited to physiotherapeutic procedures and medical care.
Many schools for orphans do not comply with fire safety requirements. In Moscow, these rules are not observed in 22 orphanages. Based on the results of the inspection, the heads of 12 orphanages were given orders to eliminate deficiencies, and eight people were brought to administrative responsibility. Similar violations were detected in many institutions of the Republics of Tatarstan and Mordovia, Amur, Arkhangelsk, Ryazan, Samara, Tver, Ulyanovsk regions and others.
Some of the equipment purchased under the program is not used for boarding schools. A class of labor rehabilitation and vocational training in automotive engineering, costing 67.9 thousand rubles, delivered to the Otyass correctional boarding school in the Ivanovo region is in a warehouse in packaged form due to the lack of the necessary premises. In the orphanage No. 15 village. Konstantinovka, Amur Region, a class for labor rehabilitation and vocational training in hairdressing worth 94.7 thousand rubles is not used due to the lack of a specialist.
Currently, about 14 thousand orphans need housing. Graduates who were not given apartments on time continue to live in boarding schools or become persons without a fixed place of residence. The problem of allocating living space in villages is especially acute. The most unfavorable situation has developed in the Republic of Kalmykia, Kemerovo, Kursk, Saratov, Novosibirsk, and Ivanovo regions. Over the next two years, the number of orphanage graduates who do not have housing will increase by 13 thousand people. For example, in the Republic of Khakassia, graduates of 1989 are on the waiting list for housing, and in the Oryol region – graduates of 1997.
Every year, about 40% of newly identified orphans are placed under guardianship or trusteeship. At the same time, local foster families do not always receive the funds allocated for the children under their care in full. In the Ivanovo region, in 2003, the guardianship allowance was set at 1,000 rubles, but the heads of city and district administrations deliberately reduced its amount. In rural areas of the Udmurt Republic, the established amounts of benefits for children under guardianship averaged from 700 to 1000 rubles per month, with the republican average being 1600 rubles. Over the past three years, employees of the prosecutor's office of the Amur region, in defense of the rights of children under their care, have sent 1,025 applications to the regional courts in connection with understating the amount of benefits totaling 7 million rubles. In the Republic of Ingushetia, the debt for the payment of guardianship benefits in 2003 amounted to 36 million rubles, in the Republic of Karelia - 8.4 million rubles.