School is a place where the young generation not only spends most of the daylight hours, but also the most interesting periods of their lives. Therefore, the conditions in which young people receive their knowledge must comply with certain sanitary standards, developed taking into account the characteristics age groups students, as well as categories of premises where schoolchildren have to be.

It should be noted that in different regions of the country, individual temperature norms may differ slightly. This process is regulated by local authorities. In our short review, we will look at indicators generally accepted in Russia and used in most regions of the country.

Temperature distribution according to standards

Initially, it is worth noting that the distribution of variable and maximum temperatures in different school premises will differ. Particular attention is paid to places where students spend a long time in a state of calm (classrooms, libraries, assembly halls). This is followed by premises for active sports activities (gyms), as well as school corridors. There is a separate room where children change clothes, wash, and undergo a medical examination. Therefore, if we divide all these categories by temperature range, we can identify the following level of minimum permissible temperature in schools:

• from 15 degrees is allowed in workshops, gyms, and various workshops;
• from 18 degrees is maintained in libraries, classrooms, assembly halls and toilets;
• from 19 degrees in the gym locker rooms;
• from 21 degrees the permissible temperature in school first aid stations;
• 17-21 degrees in the library;
• 16-19 degrees in the lobby and wardrobe
• from 25 degrees must be maintained in showers and swimming pools.

From SanPiN 2.4.2.576-96 Hygienic requirements for the learning conditions of schoolchildren in various types modern educational institutions

At the same time, the maximum permissible comfortable temperature level in school premises at different times of the year should not exceed 25 degrees, regardless of whether it is summer outside or severe winter. If the temperature in the school premises cannot be maintained at a level above 15 degrees, classes at school should be stopped to avoid hypothermia of young citizens.

It is also important to note that for normal conditions in various rooms they must be constantly ventilated. At the same time, the minimum permissible level of external air temperature at which it is allowed to open windows for natural ventilation is at least 5 degrees. But if the wind speed exceeds 2 m/s, it is not recommended to open windows in rooms where children are located, even for a short time.

The procedure for periodically ventilating classrooms, gyms, locker rooms, toilets, assembly and other halls should be carried out when children are not there. This is usually done during breaks, when the audience is completely cleared of students. To avoid the creation of drafts, it is not recommended to completely open the window and the external door to the room at the same time, thereby creating significant wind currents, due to which young schoolchildren can get hypothermia (this mode is enough for 10 minutes).

When creating optimal living conditions for schoolchildren, it is important to monitor not only the level of external and internal temperatures and maintain the established balance, but also maintain an acceptable level of humidity. According to the standard, it should be in the range of 40 - 60 percent. This is enough to avoid the transfer of various airborne viruses and bacteria, as well as to prevent thermal overheating due to high humidity in the room.

When classes stop at school

Very often, especially in winter, the administration of school institutions takes measures to prevent the spread of various diseases, as a result of which schools are simply closed for a certain period. In this case, it is necessary to highlight two main criteria when this is possible according to the regulatory documents in force at the state level.

1. The permissible threshold for a disease of the same type in a region or a specific educational institution has been exceeded. The administration has the right to close a school institution to students by introducing quarantine when the level of disease in a region of the same type of disease (usually viral diseases) exceeds 25% of the total population of such a region. Additionally, the legislator granted the right to the administration of school institutions to decide on the introduction of quarantine in the event that more than 30 - 35% of students in one class fell ill with one disease. In such cases, students' attendance at school is completely stopped.
2. When the level of external air temperature exceeds the acceptable values. For primary school students (up to 6th grade inclusive) this is minus 25 degrees and below, while for all other schoolchildren the temperature should drop below minus 30 degrees. It should be taken into account that for the remote Northern regions there are slightly different indicators that are slightly different from the average. They are approved by local authorities. You need to understand that this level of temperature allows parents not to let their children go to school without any explanation, and they will not suffer anything for it. Schools do not close, and if any of the students still come to class, teachers are obliged to conduct lessons with such children.

What can you do to improve your comfort level?

Typically, school institutions in different regions are built according to almost identical designs. But, as practice shows, the same living conditions are not always maintained in buildings of the same type, even in the same region. There can be many reasons for this, from the banal replacement of old wooden windows, through the cracks of which cold penetrates into the room, with new, metal-plastic ones with a high degree of tightness, to insulation of the external walls of a school institution. Replacing standard radiators with the ability to adjust the temperature helps to maintain the desired temperature very well.

All this means that quite often parents take part in various projects organized by the administration to improve the school institution. And here, given that future improvements will affect your children, it is very important to correctly decide on the choice of various devices, materials, window openings, ventilation and air conditioning systems. The life and health of the child should always come first, and only then look at everything else.

Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2010 N 189
"On approval of SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the conditions and organization of training in educational institutions"

With changes and additions from:

3. From the moment of introduction of SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10, the sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations SanPiN 2.4.2.1178-02 “Hygienic requirements for learning conditions in educational institutions”, approved by the resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor, shall be considered invalid Russian Federation, First Deputy Minister of Health of the Russian Federation dated November 28, 2002 N 44 (registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on December 5, 2002, registration number 3997), SanPiN 2.4.2.2434-08 "Change No. 1 to SanPiN 2.4.2.1178-02", approved by the resolution of the Main State sanitary doctor of the Russian Federation dated December 26, 2008 N 72 (registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on January 28, 2009, registration number 13189).

Registration N 19993

From September 1, 2011, sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations for the organization of training in educational institutions (SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10) came into force.

Requirements have been established for the location, territory, building, premises and equipment, air and thermal conditions, sanitary condition and maintenance of these institutions. The conditions of water supply and sewerage, the regime educational process etc.

These rules apply to all institutions implementing programs of primary, basic and secondary (complete) general education. We are talking about institutions being designed, under construction, reconstructed and operating.

Land plots are provided for the construction of the named objects in the presence of a positive sanitary and epidemiological conclusion.

The buildings are located in a residential area. Trunk utilities (sewage, water, heat and energy supplies) should not pass through their territory.

Newly constructed buildings are located on intra-block territories of residential microdistricts, remote from residential streets. The height of their premises must be at least 3.6 square meters. m.

City educational institutions should be located within walking distance.

As before, the landscaping of school grounds should be at least 50%.

For 1 student in frontal forms of classes there should be at least 2.5 square meters. m, and for group or individual lessons - 3.5 sq. m.

SanPiN 2.4.2.1178-02 is declared invalid.

Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2010 N 189 “On approval of SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10 “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the conditions and organization of training in educational institutions”

Registration N 19993

This resolution

These and many other subtleties are regulated by sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations approved by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of Russia Gennady Onishchenko. And all schools in the country are required to comply with them.

Gigantomania is not held in high esteem today. For safety reasons, the construction of only low-rise schools is allowed - a maximum of three floors. Only in megacities, where free space is sorely lacking, is a fourth floor allowed. New buildings are designed with the expectation that no more than a thousand children will be gnawing on the granite of science. Up to 25 people can study in a class. Moreover, one student is required to have at least 2.5 square meters of teaching space.

Identical desks arranged in neat rows look beautiful. Only children suffer from this uniformity. After all, children of different heights study in the classroom, and everyone should be provided with furniture that suits them. Desks for short students are placed closer to the board. And one more very important point. Children with poor vision and hearing must be seated in the first row, and those who are often ill should be seated away from the outer wall.

The most important indicator for assessing the sanitary condition of a school is the cleanliness of the toilets. But another thing is no less important - the number of “seats” must correspond to the number of students. Doctors prescribe 1 toilet per 20 girls, 1 toilet per 30 boys and 1 urinal per 60 boys. In addition, for schoolgirls, starting from the 5th grade, personal hygiene rooms are equipped at the rate of 1 room for 70 students.

A good school is neither hot nor cold. The air temperature in the classroom is maintained within 18-20 degrees, in the corridors - 16-18, in training workshops - 15-17 degrees. Even when there are no classes, the temperature does not drop below 15 degrees. And relative humidity can fluctuate between 40-60 percent.

All classrooms should have natural light. Windows should face south or east. Only drawing, drawing and computer science classrooms can be oriented to the north. Wall painting is also strictly regulated. Light tones of yellow, beige, pink, green and blue flowers. They do not irritate the eyes and do not attract unnecessary attention from students.

The school administration is obliged to provide hot breakfasts for all children and two meals a day for extended day groups. Particular attention to the menu: it should not contain products and dishes that can cause mass poisoning. Banned in schools are naval pasta, empanadas, jelly, okroshka, pates, kvass, mushrooms, fried eggs, cakes, cream cakes, donuts and much more.

Schools try to follow most of the above rules. But one requirement is violated everywhere. In a rare class, the window sills are not filled with flower pots. Teachers who plant real botanical gardens on their windows are usually held up as an example. But the flowers block the sun, and the place for them is in flowerpots in the window walls.

We classify almost 14 percent of schools in the third group of sanitary and epidemiological well-being,” says Olga Milushkina, head of the department of hygiene for children and adolescents at the Federal Center for State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance. - So that children can study normally in them, fundamental changes are necessary. In the Vladimir and Kemerovo regions, Dagestan, Chechnya, Yakutia, Karachay-Cherkessia and Khabarovsk Territory there are more than 25 percent of such schools. In some of them, flagrant violations were revealed. They must be eliminated by September 1. If not, the school may be temporarily closed. By the way, this happens every year. Let's say last fall 15 Russian schools opened their doors late.

It's carrying its own burden

Probably everyone has seen kids walking to school with their backs bent under the weight of their backpack. To rest a little, they lean against the walls. So you shouldn’t be surprised that now there are almost no children with ideal posture.

The first-grader’s backpack itself weighs no more than 500 grams, says Olga Milushkina. - But children often stuff a lot of necessary and unnecessary things into it. Parents and teachers should teach the child to take with him only what is really necessary. The same first-grader should not carry more than two kilograms on his shoulders.

The color of the backpack is very important. After all, in some of our regions, children go to school at dusk for six months. The bright backpack is clearly visible to car drivers, and the reflective coating will ensure that the light from the headlights is reflected, and the student on the road will be visible from afar.

Students primary classes children, whose spine is still very flexible, should only wear backpacks, but older children can wear a briefcase, not forgetting to change hands. According to experts, the maximum weight of a backpack or briefcase for middle and high school students is 8-10 percent of the owner’s weight.

If the weight of the assembled portfolio is primarily determined by the child himself, then the weight of textbooks is strictly regulated, continues Olga Milushkina. - Textbooks for grades 1-4 should weigh no more than 300 g, for grades 5-6 - 400, for grades 7-9 - 500, for grades 10-11 - 600 g. There are others restrictions. For example, in textbooks For grades 1-6, typing in two columns is not allowed. Printing on a colored or gray background is also prohibited. Sanitary standards prohibit the use of textbooks with printing defects: smeared inks, glued pages, damaged binding.

Monday is an easy day

What child doesn't complain about a ridiculous class schedule? It turns out that it must be compiled according to science. The peak of a student’s mental activity occurs at 10-12 am. Therefore, the most difficult subjects should be the second, third and fourth lessons. But double math at the end of the school day is a complete disgrace and a legitimate reason for a complaint to the director.

Scientists have proven that on Monday and Friday material is perceived worse than in the middle of the week. Therefore, the peak study load should occur on Tuesday and Wednesday. This could be the maximum number of lessons or the most difficult subjects. Mathematics is recognized as the best - 11 conditional points. For comparison: foreign language - 10 points, physics and chemistry - 9 each, Russian language and literature - 7 each. Drawing - 3 points, drawing - 2, singing - 1 point are considered easy. But physical education, contrary to popular belief, is not at all easy - it was awarded as many as 5 points.

A correct schedule is considered when the maximum load in terms of points falls in the middle of the week. On the contrary, if it is distributed evenly or the maximum falls on Monday and Friday, the schedule must be changed urgently!

In gymnasiums, lyceums and schools with in-depth study of individual subjects, classes in two shifts are not allowed. And in any case, the first, fifth and final grades study only in the morning. Lessons should not start earlier than 8 o'clock, and no "zero" lessons, including electives! The maximum load depends on age. For example, for students in grades 2-4 this is 22 hours during a five-day school week and 25 hours during a six-day school week. 6th grade - 29 and 32 hours, respectively, 8-9th - 32 and 35, 10-11th - 33 and 36 hours.

There are sanitary standards even for homework. So, first-graders should not do them longer than 1 hour, second-graders - 1.5 hours, students of 3-4th grades - 2 hours. In grades 5-6, children can prepare lessons for up to 2.5 hours, in grades 7-8 - up to 3 hours, and in grades 10-11 - up to 4 hours. The best time to start self-preparation is 4 pm.

By the way

State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision specialists remind: compliance with sanitary standards is the responsibility of the school administration. If she sits idly by, parents should contact local health officials. Alarm signals from schools are checked without fail.

Many experts believe that the backpack of the future is a miniature computer. Electronic school bags that weigh just over a kilogram are already sold in Taiwan. Texts and illustrations from all textbooks easily fit into their memory, which saves the student from having to carry books to school. The teacher can send educational materials and homework to all students at once, and then automatically check them.

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DECISION of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated 12/29/2010 189 ON APPROVAL OF SANPIN 2-4-2-2821-10... Relevant in 2018

VI. Requirements for air-thermal conditions

6.1. Buildings of educational institutions are equipped with centralized heating and ventilation systems, which must comply with the standards for the design and construction of residential and public buildings and ensure optimal parameters of the microclimate and air environment.

Steam heating is not used in institutions.

When installing heating device enclosures, the materials used must be harmless to the health of children.

Fences made of particle boards and other polymer materials are not allowed.

The use of portable heating devices, as well as heaters with infrared radiation, is not allowed.

6.2. The air temperature, depending on the climatic conditions in classrooms and offices, psychologist and speech therapist offices, laboratories, assembly hall, dining room, recreation, library, lobby, wardrobe should be 18 - 24 °C; in the gym and rooms for sectional classes, workshops - 17 - 20 °C; bedroom, game rooms, department premises preschool education and school boarding school - 20 - 24 °C; medical offices, changing rooms of the gym - 20 - 22 °C, showers - 25 °C.

To control the temperature regime, classrooms and classrooms must be equipped with household thermometers.

6.3. During non-school hours, in the absence of children, the temperature in the premises of a general education institution must be maintained at least 15 °C.

6.4. In the premises of educational institutions, the relative air humidity should be 40 - 60%, the air speed should not exceed 0.1 m/sec.

6.5. If there is stove heating in existing buildings of educational institutions, the firebox is installed in the corridor. To avoid indoor air pollution with carbon monoxide, chimneys are closed no earlier than complete combustion of the fuel and no later than two hours before the arrival of students.

For newly constructed and reconstructed buildings of educational institutions, stove heating is not allowed.

6.6. Educational rooms are ventilated during breaks, and recreational rooms are ventilated during lessons. Before classes start and after they end, it is necessary to carry out cross-ventilation of classrooms. The duration of through ventilation is determined by weather conditions, wind direction and speed, and the efficiency of the heating system. The recommended duration of through ventilation is given in Table 2.

In any educational institution, changes occur in the educational process over time. They include corrections of past errors identified during the training process and modern requirements for the educational process. Based on accumulated experience and new trends, documents are developed that ensure the safety and correctness of the educational process. The fundamental document SanPiN for schools 2.4.2.2821-10, which regulates sanitary rules general educational organizations.

Sanitary regulations for schools in 2015–2016 underwent changes in numerous areas. The food and temperature conditions at school have undergone the most changes.

Changes to SanPiN, school meals

Changes in SanPiN for schools 2015–2016 also affected such an important topic for any child and parent as nutrition. The new SanPiN includes sections concerning the equipment of school premises and the organization of school meals. The following points were added that were not in the main version of the document:

Thus, the changes contribute to improving the quality of nutrition and compliance with all necessary standards.

Temperature conditions at SanPiN school 2015–2016

Many parents remember that while studying in schools, they constantly experienced strong temperature changes. The unbearable stuffiness in the offices and the windows wide open often led to an increase in colds. The new SanPiN for schools 2015–2016 provided for one of the previously unnoted problems with temperature in students’ personal hygiene rooms. In school personal hygiene rooms it is necessary to maintain a temperature of 19 – 21 degrees Celsius. Now, the use of outdoor sanitary facilities is not allowed in any schools. Thus, schools that are already equipped with toilets are required to provide ventilation to regulate the temperature, and those that are not equipped must provide this item during construction.

Temperature at school according to SanPiN

SanPiNs for schools in 2015–2016 provide for temperature control not only in classrooms, but also permissible temperature values ​​for classes outside of school. It is useful for every parent to know at what temperatures his child can engage in educational activities, and in which cases this will be unacceptable. Three points are considered, differing in the location of the students:

• temperatures at which classes in schools are canceled. School classes are canceled in extreme cases low temperatures outdoors, wind speed is also taken into account. In case of cancellation of classes, parents are informed through the media. In addition, many schools have their own external monitoring systems and their results are published on their own websites;
• temperatures at which training is carried out only inside school premises, outdoor classes are canceled. The table will help you navigate the admissibility of such activities at sub-zero temperatures in degrees Celsius:
• The temperature regime at school, according to SanPiN, provides for control in school premises. SanPiN standards at school are divided by area of ​​activity in school classrooms. In classrooms, canteen, library, assembly or music class, recreation and other rooms, the temperature must be maintained from 18 to 24 degrees Celsius. In gyms and workshops this figure ranges from 17 to 20 degrees Celsius. The schedule for ventilation of classrooms in the school according to SanPin has not been changed and everything also depends on the air temperature outside.

In accordance with SanPiN, school 2015 – 2016 in the Russian Federation is safe and productive for educational activities institutions. The new SanPiN for schools 2015–2016, as amended, complements and improves the requirements previously imposed on schools. The changes affected previously unconsidered or partially considered issues that directly affect the quality of the educational process. SanPiN for schools is a new standard that heads and controllers of educational institutions refer to. And for parents, SanPiN standards at school are a document that can be referred to in case of controversial situations that arise during training.