| Military ranks of military personnel of the Russian Armed Forces. Military uniform

Basics of life safety
11th grade

Lesson 23
Military ranks of military personnel of the Russian Armed Forces
Military uniform

Each serviceman, depending on military and special training, length of service and merit, occupies a certain military position and has a military rank. He can only hold one position. Each position corresponds to only one military rank. For example: the position of gunner, machine gunner, mechanic - driver usually corresponds to the rank of private; positions of company (battery) foreman - senior warrant officer; positions of regiment and brigade commander - colonel. The Federal Law “On Military Duty and Military Service” establishes a system of military ranks for all military personnel. The corresponding military rank is assigned personally to each military personnel. In the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies, the composition of military personnel and military ranks indicated in Table 7 are established.

The words “justice”, “medical service” or “veterinary service” are added to the military rank of military personnel with legal, medical or veterinary specialties, respectively. To the military rank of a citizen who is in the reserve or retired, the words “reserve” or “retired” are added, respectively.

The presence of personal military ranks in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation ensures clarity and clarity in the relationships and subordination of military personnel. Military rank reflects the level of general military and special training, service position and authority of each serviceman. In the context of military service, the scope of official, especially power, rights and rights to certain benefits depend not only on the position held by the serviceman, but often on his military rank. Only in the conditions of military service are relationships of subordination provided for both by position and by military rank, which significantly distinguishes military ranks from the special ranks of other civil servants.

The assignment of military ranks to senior officers is carried out by the President of the Russian Federation; other military personnel are assigned by officials in accordance with the Regulations on the procedure for military service.

For military personnel, military uniforms and insignia are established: a set of military uniforms, equipment and insignia for military ranks, branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, branches of the military, services and military formations.

Military uniforms are divided into dress uniforms for and outside formations, casual uniforms for and out of formations, and field uniforms. And each of the above is for summer and winter. This uniform is made and worn in accordance with the Rules for Wearing Military Uniforms.

Persons called up for military service by conscription are issued military uniforms after their arrival at the place of service and enrollment in the lists of the unit. After receiving their uniform, the military unit sends the personal clothing of conscripts by free postal parcels to the addresses specified by the military personnel.

In recent years, new types of clothing, shoes and equipment have been developed for military personnel (see Appendix 2) .

Questions

1. What composition of military personnel is established by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Military Duty and Military Service”?

2. What military ranks are provided for soldiers and sailors?

3. What do you mean by military uniform and insignia?

4. How is military uniform divided?

Appendix 2

Samples of clothing, shoes and equipment for military personnel

Summer field suit (jacket, trousers, cap) of improved design. Designed to be worn in everyday activities and in combat situations. It uses new types of fasteners - buttons, zippers. Made from high-strength cotton fabric. Thanks to the special finishing, the fabric is low soiling and easy to wash. The suit has reduced the number of protruding components and parts, which, as practice has shown, create inconvenience when handling weapons, equipment, and cause discomfort when wearing a bulletproof vest over the suit. Has additional ventilation and dynamic folds.

The field cap has good dimensional stability and is comfortable. The new cap does not include headphones, since experience in their use has shown that they do not carry a sufficient functional load. The adjustment of the cap to the size of the head has been greatly facilitated (thanks to the introduction of an adjustable fastener).

Winter field suit (jacket and trousers) of improved design , is provided unified for military personnel of various branches of the military (motorized rifle, airborne forces, marines). Made from fabric with increased windproof and water-repellent properties, and higher physical and mechanical properties for tearing and abrasion. Thanks to special treatment, the fabric is difficult to stain. The heat-protective properties of the suit are increased due to the lengthening of the jacket and the use of various types of insulation and windproof pads. The design of the suit makes it possible to wear it with a sweater, insulated vest, or body armor.

First developed for northern regions winter field suit with special winter camouflage coloring . In addition to a fundamentally new color, it has increased heat-shielding properties, wind protection and is additionally equipped with an insulated vest.

Wool blend camouflage sweater designed to increase the heat-protective properties of the winter set of clothing for military personnel, as well as for wearing in cold weather in the spring-autumn period with summer field clothing. The sweater has a modern design, has good heat-protective properties, is comfortable to wear and goes well with both winter and summer field clothing.

Wool-blend knitted cap, camouflage color designed to be worn instead of a hat with earflaps when wearing winter field clothing, as well as in the cold season when wearing summer field clothing. It is much lighter than a hat with earflaps and is more comfortable when worn under a helmet. The camouflage coloring of the cap goes well with the coloring of field clothing.

The requirements for linen product group . Since underwear became an element of combat equipment, for better compatibility with field clothing it was necessary to change its color. Knitted sets are made in olive color, fabric ones - in light olive color, and camouflage coloring is also used for summer knitwear (T-shirts). It is possible to manufacture linen with antimicrobial treatment.

Field boots are high-top shoes , with a blind flap, on a porous rubber sole, with a shoe upper made of chrome or yuft leather and are intended for use in summer casual and field uniforms. The comfort of the shoe, due to a comfortable last and good flexibility of the outsole, is enhanced by soft linings in the ankle area and along the upper edge of the thighs. Double adjustment of the width of the boots, a zipper on the inside and lacing in the front ensure that the shoes fit well on the foot, are comfortable to wear and can be quickly put on and taken off without the need to unlace. Such boots provide reliable protection for military personnel's feet from mechanical influences, dust, dirt, and sand.

Backpack duffel is a product of modern design made of waterproof fabric with camouflage colors. Lacing on the sides of the backpack allows you to change its volume. At the top, the backpack is pulled together with a nylon cord and closed with a pocket lid. It is possible to adjust the length of the shoulder straps. The presence of straps allows you to attach a sleeping bag, insulating mat and other items to the backpack. Items according to the established list are stored in the backpack (previously, duffel bags were used for this purpose).

Backpack for special forces military personnel is a product made of waterproof fabric with camouflage colors. The backpack kit includes a set of hanging bags of various sizes, a small-volume backpack, a heat-insulating mat for relaxing in the field, and a sealed hydrobag to protect the contents of the backpack from water when crossing water obstacles. The backpack is easy to fit and wear and allows you to change its configuration depending on the tasks at hand. In the future, it is possible to provide certain categories of military personnel with such backpacks instead of duffel backpacks.

Sleeping bag Designed for recreation of military personnel in the field. Thanks to the use of new materials and improved design, a significant reduction in its weight and an increase in its heat-protective properties have been achieved, which ensures that a soldier can stay in a sleeping bag for 6 hours at a temperature of -20 °C.

Thermal insulation mat Designed for use as a bedding under a sleeping bag. It is made of foamed polyethylene and has high thermal insulation properties, providing the necessary conditions for a soldier to sleep (rest) in a sleeping bag on cold ground and even in snow. The mat on one side is brightly colored, which makes it easier to visually search for wounded military personnel.

Soldier's cape designed to protect a soldier from rain in field conditions. It is made of lightweight nylon fabric with a camouflage-colored film coating and has the shape of a poncho-type cape. It can also be used as a stretcher for the wounded and an awning for protection from precipitation.

There have been reports in various media about a new uniform that will begin to be provided to the personnel of the Russian army. Criticism of the clothing currently provided to military personnel has proven effective. And it doesn’t matter at all who developed the old models, it is important that the reasons why soldiers and officers, soldiers in the first place, were cold and sick were found in the uniform.

Russian Defense Minister Army General Sergei Shoigu approved the new models, pointing out a number of improvements. Now the field uniform is undergoing final testing among the troops. The deadlines and control standards for the purchase of new sets of uniforms have been determined (in 2013 - about 70 thousand sets).

In the new form, they again return to the old arrangement of shoulder straps - on the shoulders, although this is not the most important thing, but still, when one of them is on the stomach (for delicacy it was written on the chest), it is not very clear and aesthetically pleasing. The field uniform set will include three pairs of shoes, including even high-top winter boots designed for temperatures up to 40 degrees below zero.

It is stated, and I really want to believe this, that the finalization of the form was carried out thoughtfully and carefully. Depending on the activity of the serviceman, it will change. For field training in training centers and training grounds - one set, for classroom training - another. Separate sets are provided taking into account weather conditions and type of activity (specialty): the functionality of various elements of uniform also differs.

As an example, it is given that a set of uniforms for special forces, costing 160 - 190 thousand rubles, consists of 68 items. For soldiers and officers of motorized rifle units, the equipment is smaller and its cost is planned to be about 45 thousand rubles. Some uniform items have seven layers. Fabrics used for sewing field uniforms must prevent the influence of temperature changes on the serviceman and play a protective role.

In pursuance of the decision made at a meeting of the board of the Russian Ministry of Defense, the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation on September 21, 2013 approved temporary regulations for wearing a new type of casual uniform (hereinafter referred to as the regulations), completed by the instructions of the Deputy Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, Army General D.V. Bulgakov dated September 28, 2013 No. 256/41/3101.

In order to ensure that military personnel of the RF Armed Forces comply with the rules of wearing a new type of casual uniform (hereinafter referred to as the uniform), I present the main provisions of the regulations:

1. The new-style casual uniform is intended to be worn by military personnel serving under contract as a casual uniform.

2. The standard for supplying uniforms was approved by Order of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation dated August 16, 2013 No. 636 “On approval of the temporary standard for supplying clothing service property to certain categories of military personnel of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.”
The uniform set consists of:
caps (black) color;
(blue, black) color;
( , ) colors;
suit (jacket with short sleeves and trousers) in protective (blue, black) color,
T-shirts in light olive (white) color.
Wearing a suit (jacket with short sleeves and trousers) is recommended at air temperatures above +23°C.

3. The uniform set is worn:
military personnel in accordance with the requirements of the Order of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation dated September 3, 2011 No. 1500 “On the rules for wearing military uniforms”:
in the Navy - black;
in the Air Force and Airborne Forces - blue;
all other categories of military personnel are in khaki color.

4. Wearing a uniform when participating in international activities, as well as as a field uniform, is prohibited.
Suit jackets are worn with the zipper unzipped to the level of the top of the pocket.
On the flaps of the chest pockets there are stripes with a yellow inscription (on the left - the surname and initials, on the right - “Armed Forces of Russia”).
On the left sleeve are placed: a sleeve insignia for belonging to the RF Defense Ministry, branches of the RF Armed Forces, branches of the RF Armed Forces, railway troops, troops not included in the branches and branches of the RF Armed Forces, above it is a sleeve patch of the colors of the state flag of the Russian Federation in the shape of a semicircle with yellow edging.
On the right sleeve there will be a sleeve insignia according to affiliation with specific military formations.
Above the flap of the left breast pocket in the middle, strips of ribbons of orders and medals are placed (so that the lower edge of the strips is located at the level of the upper edge of the pocket flap) and 10 mm above them are insignia of special distinction of state awards.
Above the flap of the right breast pocket, at a distance of 10 mm above the flap in the middle, there is an insignia of graduation from an educational institution of vocational education and state awards intended to be worn without pads (in accordance with section “g” of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 2010 No. 1099 “On measures to improve state award system of the Russian Federation").
On the jacket of the suit they wear removable shoulder straps of a protective (blue, black) color with or without gaps of the established colors (for soldiers, sailors, sergeants, petty officers, warrant officers and midshipmen), with insignia of military ranks, lapel insignia of the branches of the RF Armed Forces, branches of the military RF Armed Forces, special troops (services) (embroidered on the day of senior officers and golden metal for other categories of military personnel).
Suit trousers are worn untucked with low shoes, shoes or tucked into high-top boots.
On the caps and caps there is an insignia for belonging to the executive authorities, where the law provides for military service (golden-colored cockade), and for senior officers, in addition, the visor and band of the cap with golden-colored embroidery.
On the caps of senior officers of the ship, along the outer edge of the visor there is a metal ornament in the form of laurel branches.
Military personnel with a set of uniforms are allowed to wear berets of the established colors, and military personnel of the Navy, in addition, are allowed to wear white summer caps.
Instead of T-shirts, servicemen of the Airborne Forces and the Navy wear vests with blue and blue stripes, respectively.

Sergei Shoigu, who took the helm of the Ministry of Defense in early November of this year, intends to carry out a new reform. In addition, it became known that couturier Valentin Yudashkin, whose name is strongly associated with the creation of the new form, disowned his involvement in its development.

This “dismantling” partly began in February 1992. Then, according to the order of the Commander-in-Chief of the CIS Armed Forces, Evgeniy Shaposhnikov, for conscripts, instead of the ceremonial uniform and everyday jacket, a unified jacket with sewn shoulder straps was introduced. At the same time, the wearing of buttonholes was abolished.

On May 23, 1994, Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed a decree “On military uniforms and insignia of military ranks” - formally, on this day the Soviet military uniform was abolished.

The appearance of the military personnel underwent significant changes after the signing of this document: thus, olive became the main color of both the front and everyday uniforms. Overcoats were replaced with “winter coats”, and jackets with jackets with patch pockets. Chevrons and stripes appeared on military uniforms, indicating membership in a particular branch of the military or a specific unit. Although at the same time, critics said that in reality the reform was reduced to simplifying the uniform set to the minimum.

On January 27, 1997, a new decree on military uniforms was issued, but the modifications affected only a narrow group of military personnel: for army generals, one large star on their shoulder straps was replaced with four smaller ones.

Eight years later, in May 2005, a new presidential decree was issued. As a result of Vladimir Putin’s initiative, hats “returned” as winter hats for colonels and generals. The blue uniform for the Air Force was replaced by the standard "olive" one. The only possible color for socks and gloves was black.

The innovation of the 2005 decree was that it prohibited the wearing of military uniforms by those who were not military personnel.

May 2007 is a new milestone in the history of military uniform reform. Then a number of statements were made by the Ministry of Defense. First, the head of the department (at that time - Anatoly Serdyukov) took the initiative to modernize the uniform. Then Deputy Defense Minister General Vladimir Isakov told the media that reform was indeed in the department’s plans, and Valentin Yudashkin was named among the developers of the sketches.

Who else, besides Yudashkin, participated in the development?

Fashion designer Igor Chapurin, specialists from the Central Research Institute of the Garment Industry, the Central Research Institute of Leather and Footwear, as well as the Central Clothing Directorate of the Russian Ministry of Defense.

The sketches “from Yudashkin” won, then for two years the development of new uniforms was carried out.

. In 2010, a new form was introduced.

What has changed?

The shoulder straps, instead of their traditional placement on the shoulders, were moved to the chest and sleeves;

Velcro elements appeared;

Overcoats became narrow and fitted;

Boots with foot wraps were abolished, as well as the subject of many jokes - the famous long johns with ties;

For the first time in the history of the Russian armed forces, officers began wearing sweaters.

The uniform from Yudashkin did not withstand all military tests (the clothes rustled when moving, melted from open fire, etc.) In the Ministry of Defense, in particular, for winter clothing for the domestic one. That is why even then the thesis began to circulate in the media that in fact only elements of the cut remained from couturier Yudashkin in the new uniform.

Who and why didn’t like the new uniform?

The shortcomings were revealed during a survey of military personnel and in the winter of 2011-2012 - after the army’s final transition to a new military uniform, soldiers began to develop massive colds.

The Ministry of Defense conducted a survey of military personnel (there were more than 6 thousand of them) about the new uniform. Most often in the answers there was a complaint about the location of the shoulder straps “on the belly, like in NATO, but we are used to them on the shoulders.”

The main disadvantages of the new form are that it absorbs moisture well and is reluctant to evaporate it, and does not retain heat well at air temperatures below minus 15°C.

Yudashkin or not?

On November 21, 2012, Valentin Yudashkin stated that he had nothing to do with the new military uniform, explaining that the Ministry of Defense at one time made significant adjustments to its samples.

“I was hoping until the very end that the military would admit it, publish some kind of letter, a statement that “we ourselves, Dolci and Gabbana, came up with everything ourselves, did it and are happy and will be responsible for the quality,” but they didn’t done, that's why I do it. I officially declare that what is worn in the army now is not the uniform that my employees and I developed in 2007 by order of the Ministry of Defense,” said the fashion designer.

Will the new form be cancelled?

Please note: in total, about 25 billion rubles were spent.

In 2015, the Russian army completely changed its clothes. Today, all military personnel without exception have a new model military uniform. The plan of the Ministry of Defense of the Ministry of Defense, which consisted in completely re-dressing the army in more than a year, was completely fulfilled. This was repeatedly stated by senior officials of the main military department. The need to redress the ranks of our country's army has existed for quite some time. Along with the new set of uniforms, new rules for wearing them have also been introduced.

In 2014 alone, the new type of uniform was issued to half a million military personnel. The distribution of uniforms was carried out in accordance with the developed schedule. The transfer of military personnel began precisely with those who served in the Far North.

General redressing began in 2013 and continued actively in 2014, but the bulk of Russian military personnel were issued updated military uniforms in 2015. Now the naval and ceremonial military uniforms are next in line for revision. Male and female employees will be completely re-dressed. The 2015 Russian Armed Forces uniform pattern partially reflects the trend in US military clothing.

Reforms in the field of military uniforms under Serdyukov

The Russian army has needed a modern military uniform for military personnel for quite some time, and the current attempt to completely change the uniform for military personnel is not the first. Overseas clothing for military personnel is significantly superior in performance to the uniform of our country's military. From time to time, the Ministry of Defense introduces samples of military clothing with more advanced characteristics. As a result of each such attempt, the country's budget loses huge sums, and a dress uniform is an even more unjustified expense.

For example, under the disgraced minister Anatoly Serdyukov, about 25 billion rubles were allocated for dressing up the Russian army. The cost of developing and implementing a new form in 2014-2015. is still kept secret, but given the scale of this process, we can say with confidence that the amounts involved are cosmic.

The military uniform has been reviewed by the Ministry of Defense since 2007, including the dress uniform. The main initiative came from the then Minister of Defense A. Serdyukov. On a competitive basis, from the submitted sketches of the selected developers, the option proposed by the famous Russian fashion designer Valentin Yudashkin won. It took 2 years to prepare the final samples of the updated uniform. The presentation of the new form was held in 2010. In many respects, both external and operational, it was similar to the uniform of members of the US armed forces. But the developers did their best to disown such a comparison.

The Russian uniform for the winter season caused many unflattering responses from both specialists and the military personnel themselves, who had to test the new uniform on themselves. The Ministry of Defense received complaints almost daily. Due to the low performance characteristics of the new uniform, the number of colds in the army increased sharply in just one winter period. In addition, external signs of the new form also caused dissatisfaction. After all, now the shoulder straps were not located in their usual place, on the shoulders, but, following the example of the armed formations of the NATO bloc, were moved to the chest area. Plus, the quality of the material from which the form was made also left much to be desired. The servicemen noted that the fabric quickly deteriorates and breaks, and the threads fray and also become unusable.

Among other innovations, it should be noted the presence of a warm sweater in the clothing kit of an officer of the Russian army, and the presence of individual components with Velcro, a narrower model of overcoats, and the complete abolition of foot wraps and boots. By the way, the last abolition was valid only according to documents, because in fact, it was not possible to achieve this in the entire Russian army immediately.

Due to numerous complaints and dissatisfaction from military personnel, the military department began to think about the advisability of developing a new uniform.

Now we understand that model based on the example of the US military uniform not suitable for the conditions of our country. From now on, military uniforms used in the field included 19 items. It turns out that the set has been significantly expanded. The price of one such set is approximately 35,000 rubles. The ceremonial military uniform has not yet undergone changes, because there is no urgent need for this. It was the field uniform that was much more important, not the dress uniform.

Set of modern uniforms for military personnel

A modern uniform set is a multi-layer suit. Depending on weather conditions and personal tastes, military personnel have the opportunity to personally select sets of clothing for themselves. Plus, from now on the field uniform is identical for both the officer and the rank and file. Dress uniforms will continue to vary. The standards for using military clothing for an officer and a soldier do not differ (one exception is the officer's dress uniform).

The modern field kit for soldiers and officers includes the following components:

Gloves and mittens;

Several types of jackets designed for each season;

Hat and beret;

3 types of boots, varying by season;

Balaclava.

Standards for wearing uniforms for military personnel

Such rules are established in some detail in departmental regulations of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

Employees use military uniforms of the following types:

dress uniform- during parades and various events with the direct participation of troops; on holidays of the military unit; in cases of presentation of state awards and orders; in cases of presentation of the Battle Banner to a military unit; when the ship is launched and put into operation, as well as when the Naval Banner is raised on the ship; when enlisted in the honor guard; when serving as sentries guarding the Battle Banner of a military unit. It is permitted to wear this type of clothing on non-working days and during off-duty periods;

field uniform- in the presence of hostilities; during a state of emergency, liquidation of the consequences of accidents, natural disasters, catastrophes, natural and other disasters; at educational events, training sessions, combat duty;

everyday- in all other cases.

Characteristics of linen for military personnel

The uniform requires 2 separate sets for use in air temperatures ranging from - 40 to +15 degrees, and from + 15 and above. In one set, the underwear consists of a short-sleeved T-shirt and boxer shorts. Such underwear is extremely practical, both technically and in appearance. For a soldier, it has all the required qualities, namely:

dries quite quickly after absorbing moisture;

the degree of air exchange meets mandatory standards.

For low temperature conditions there are 2 sets of underwear: lightweight and fleece. Such underwear can be worn directly on the body. It also happens that a fleece set is worn over a lightweight one. This is usually done under lower temperature conditions. Lightweight underwear differs from the standard summer set in that it has longer sleeves and underpants that span the entire length of the legs. The fleece set has a fleecy surface on the inside, plus there is also an insulating layer.

Sets for different weather conditions

The summer field set consists of a lightweight jacket, trousers, beret and light boots. In the manufacture of such clothing, the so-called mechanical stretch is used, which is initially subject to treatment with a special water-repellent compound. In the parts that bear the greatest load, reinforcing components are applied. This makes the suit resistant to mechanical damage, and the degree of wear is minimized.

Standards for the use of military clothing allow in cool weather conditions to use a fleece jacket with thick pile on both sides. There is a durable layer of thermal insulation here. Plus, if necessary, the jacket can be folded into a minimum volume. A windbreaker jacket is used for protection from the winds. It is worn with layer 5 trousers. The windbreaker provides ventilation and the necessary air exchange.

For colder weather conditions the main set is demi-season. It provides excellent protection from winds. The material from which the suit is made has sufficient vapor permeability and dries quickly. This suit is also worn by employees in the US Army. For special field conditions, military personnel can use a windproof suit. During heavy downpours, such a suit protects against moisture for a long time. A similar effect is achieved due to the presence of a special membrane. The seams of the suit are taped for greater reliability.

In severe frosts a more insulated suit and an insulated vest are used. These elements are practical and lightweight. They are made from wind and waterproof materials. Plus, in frosty weather you can use a balaclava, which can be worn as a hat, and an insulated hat for very frosty weather. To make uniforms for the Russian army, a material is used that contains cotton and synthetic elements in a ratio of 65/35.